![]() On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the sleep habits of children affected by PNE, which is derived from the contradictory data present in the clinical literature. 21, 22 In this light, the treatment should not exclude the causal role of both sleep disorders and abnormal behavior, 23 while considering natural approaches such as sleep hygiene, 24 nutraceuticals, 25, 26 and weight loss. 18, 19įrom this perspective, PNE could be identified as a sort of “periodic syndrome,” 20 such as growing pains, motion sickness, and others that share many of the same aspects as migraine, also considered their effects on learning abilities. 15 – 17 As such, PNE and migraines could be interpreted as forms of familial stressors. 8 In fact, enuresis and migraines could be linked by cortical system arousal dysfunction, vegetative hyperactivity, 9 – 11 alteration in motor and visual coordination, 12 – 14 and sleep disorders. 7 The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis tends to decrease with age, supporting the traditional idea of maturational delay in voiding control, even if other mechanisms may be involved.įor years, PNE was interpreted as only resulting from unspecified psychological troubles, with no consideration for an interesting recent suggestion that PNE shares similarities with another very common symptom that occurs in developmental age – migraine without aura. 6 Bedwetting could be considered more common in boys, whereas daytime incontinence is prevalent in girls. In general, nocturnal enuresis is a common problem during development, with an estimated overall prevalence ranging from 1.6% to 15%, 3 – 5 and possible persistence during adolescence. 2 Moreover, nocturnal enuresis is divided into monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with no daytime urinary symptoms and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, if accompanied by daytime urinary symptoms. Then, the Chi-square test was used to calculate the statistical difference and a univariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the role of PNE as a risk factor for the development of each category of sleep disorders and to calculate the odds ratio (OR).Īccording to the International Children’s Continence Society criteria, 1 nocturnal enuresis is defined as the involuntary loss of urine during the night in children over 5 years of age, distinguished in a primary form (primary nocturnal enuresis ), and in a secondary form (secondary nocturnal enuresis). The results were divided into “pathological” and “normal” scores using a cut-off value (pathological score = at least three episodes per week), according to the validation criteria of the test. ![]() To evaluate the presence of sleep habits and disturbances, all of the subjects’ mothers filled out the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC), a questionnaire consisting of six subscales: Disorders in Initiating and Maintaining Sleep (DIMS), Sleep Breathing Disorders (SBD), Disorders of Arousal (DA), Sleep–Wake Transition Disorders (SWTD), Disorders of Excessive Somnolence (DOES), and Nocturnal Hyperhidrosis (SHY). A total of 190 PNE children (97 males, 93 females) aged 7–15 years, (mean 9.64 ± 1.35 years), and 766 typically developing children matched for age ( P = 0.131) and gender ( P = 0.963) were enrolled.
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